SVSU Admissions ACT Scores, Acceptance Rate, Tuition

Essay on Theodore Roosevelt - 1858 Words

Theodore Roosevelt was an inspiring man; he was not just one of United States greatest presidents, but one of the most important in the U.S. history. His life was the most adventurous and interesting of all the presidents. He was an explorer, a hunter, a rancher, a naturalist, an author, and a soldier. He was the first president-reformer in the modern era. All the courage he had, helped him gain or capture the public’s imagination like no president had done before since Andrew Jackson. He was a progressive leader and a great nationalist that made more extensive the presidency’s power at the expense of the states, the Congress, and large business. While he was encouraging the labor movement, he was also increasing the regulation of†¦show more content†¦When the asthma got even worse than it usually did, his father would give him a cup of coffee, which was usually quite strong, or made him throw up by giving him a dose of syrup. Sometimes, he would even give Teed ie a cigar so that he smoked it to help his asthma. He’d sometimes even put Teedie on a carriage and galloped to force the cold night’s air into his chest or lungs. Mittie Bulloch, Teedie’s mom, was born on July 8, 1845. She was daughter of James Stephens Bulloch, and Martha Stewart Elliot. She married Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. on December 22 of the year 1853. Mittie was an inspiration to his son Teedie, and most of the time, she would nurse him. Mittie was very patient with him and always kept a good sense of humor when she was around him. The one person that was more of an inspiration to Teedie than his mom was his father. To Teedie, the most important person and inspiration in his life was his father, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. He was born in September 22 of 1831. His parents were Cornelius Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill. Teedie used to describe him as everything to him; his father, his friend, and most of all, his companion. â€Å"Mr. Roosevelt spent much of hi s time raising money for charity such as Children’s Aid Society and the Newsboys’ Lodging House. Yet he was never too busy to give love and attention to his children.† (1) Theodore Roosevelt’sShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt : President Roosevelt1564 Words   |  7 Pages President Theodore Roosevelt By Ryan Baglietto  Table of Contents: 1. Presidential Facts 2. Theodore Roosevelt’s Childhood 3. Education 4. Personal Life 5. Accomplishments 6. What do I think of President Roosevelt: 7. Presidential Picture 8. Bibliography  1. Presidential Facts: My president’s name is Theodore Roosevelt. His nickname is Teddy. Did you know the Teddy Bear was named after him? President Roosevelt was in office from September 14, 1901 until March 4, 1909Read MoreTheodore Roosevelt And The Roosevelt Center989 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt during his life would spend time in North Dakota to hunt buffalo and settled in a ranch there for some years as he found a renowned interest in the area he called his â€Å"second home†. In 2005, Dickinson State University (DSU) began to explore the legacy of the 26th President as a tribute to his historical legacy and admiration to the territory that the university resides today. As a result the Theodore Roosevelt Center was founded in 2007 at the university. In essence the TheodoreRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt . Introduction To The Life Of Theodore1574 Words   |  7 PagesTHEODORE ROOSEVELT Introduction to the Life of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was born October 27, 1858 in New York City to Theodore Roosevelt Sr. and Martha Bulloch. Theodore was also known as Teedie or Teddy. Due to his continuing battle with health issues, which started at birth, Roosevelt was homeschooled along with his siblings. The family house also had a gymnasium where he lifted weights and boxed to help him gain strength. Despite what appeared to be a sickly and weak child, RooseveltRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt, Jr.975 Words   |  4 PagesIsaac Ramirez Mrs. Christian 6th period November 17, 2014 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. â€Å"It is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed.† (TheodoreRoosevelt.BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2014. 17 November2014.http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/theodorero103482.html ) The reason why this quote relates to what he did is he did not stop and quit , although the catastrophes . He still managed to keep going and it is saying that its easier to at leastRead MoreThe Achievements Of Theodore Roosevelt1590 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant people in American history is Theodore Roosevelt. He is considered to be one of the most efficient and successful presidents to ever hold office. The achievements that he accomplished during his life will most likely never be equaled. He went from being a husband and father to being a soldier to becoming president of the United States. Along with contributing to his time period, his legacy continued and went on to influence other great presidents. Roosevelt also helped society in general andRead MoreEssay on Theodore Roosevelt907 Words   |  4 Pages Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt the 26th president of the United States, was born at 33 East 20th Street in New York on October 27, 1858.His father was a man of some wealth and importance in civic affairs. A prosperous family like the Roosevelts had a better than most people in that era. At eight years of age he was sickly and delicate and then his interest in natural-history started at this early age. Through sports and outdoor living, he became rugged and a love of the strenuousRead MoreThe Legacy Of Theodore Roosevelt1001 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground. Theodore roosevelt, I can honestly say was one of the the most influential and active presidents we ve ever been graced to have. Being the voice of the people, aided our country in environmental concerns, Excelling in foreign policies and winning the nobel peace prize. He had an incredibly fulfilling and prosperous life. Theodore Roosevelt was one of most dynamic Presidents in all of American history. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City, to Theodore RooseveltRead MoreThe Legacy Of Theodore Roosevelt800 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt was born October 27, 1858, and grew up in New York City, the second of four children. His father, Theodore, Sr., was a well-to-do businessman and philanthropist. His mother, Martha â€Å"Mittie† Roosevelt, was a Southerner, raised on a plantation in Georgia. At Harvard, Teddy studied natural science but soon developed an interest in politics. After he graduated from Harvard in 1880, he decided to go to Columbia Law School to study law. After just a short year he dropped out of law schoolRead MoreThe Legacy Of Theodore Roosevelt1876 Words   |  8 Pages Theodore Roosevelt, born on October 27, 1858 on East 20th Street in New York City, New York, was a powerful man who had many powerful influences. He was a leader to a country, a son of two parents, a brother to three siblings, a husband to a wife, and father to six children. But before Mr.Roosevelt did have the chance to make his influences, he had his childhood first. As said before, Roosevelt was the son of two parents, Martha and Theodore Roosevelt, in fact, Theodore Jr. was actually calledRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pages1900’s the president of the United States of America was a man called Theodore Roosevelt. Although he began his term as president with the death of President McKinley, his period in the White House turned out to be one of the most progressive periods in American history. His progressive policies influenced the direction that the country would take in the twentieth century. In the following paper I will explain several of Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive polices. Specifically I will deal with his labor

Capital Performance Technology & Improvementâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Capital Performance Technology Improvement? Answer: Introduction Human resource management Human resource management is an approach that was discovered in the industrial revolution and has greatly evolved since then. Today, human resource management is considered to be one of the most important functions of an organisation that aims to ensuring proper management of the workforce in order to maximise the performance of a workplace. Human resource management works by fostering a better workplace environment and improving the relations between employers and employees[1]. there are a number of core and nor core functions in human resource management, such as performance management, recruitment and selection, training and development, attracting and retaining employees, employee motivation, etc. that help human resource managers in optimising the performance of the workforce. Performance management Performance management is one of the most important core functions of human resource management which allows human resource managers to work in collaboration with the employees to plan, monitor and analyse the performance levels that the employees demonstrate in an assessment period[2]. Performance management can have a lot of advantages for a business organisation as it helps in assessing the contribution that an employee, a team or a department has made towards the achievement of organisational goals and objectives and also assists human resource managers in fostering a workplace environment that is performance oriented. In the present day business world, business organisations have also come up with an idea of performance appraisals along with performance management, which further helps them in fostering a performance oriented environment and maximising the performance of their workforce. Company background ABC Tech Solutions is an Australian company that provides technical assistance to its clients, which are some of the big multinational firms. The company was started in 1987 and started expanding its business operations in the 1990s. Today, the company has multiple subsidiaries in India, Singapore, China and Vietnam and has an approximate workforce of 149,400 employees that work 24/7 to provide assistance to their clients and solve their queries. The company works through its own call centres where its technical experts attend phone calls and live chats to answer the queries generated by the clients and provide technical assistance to them in case there is something wrong with their systems. ABC Tech Solutions is one of the leading companies in the industry and has been performing exceptionally well but since the last 3 years, new market entrants have started to grab its market share and the company has been losing its competencies. After a thorough research and multiple surveys, it was discovered that the company has been losing its ability to perform better than the employees and satisfy the demands of its clients. Even though the company has a performance management system and a system of performance appraisal in place, the performance levels demonstrated by the employees had still hit an all-time low and the company is now fighting to survive in the market. The management of the company has decided to execute human perfor mance engineering and use human performance technology to achieve an increase in the performance levels of the employees. Therefore, this report aims at discussing certain issues that the management might face while trying to implement human performance technology in the workplace. Importance of performance management at work As discussed above, performance management is one of the most important core functions in human resource management that can have multiple benefits for the employers as well as for the employees. The present day business world is tough and only the fittest business organisations can survive the market competition. In such a scenario, business organisations are highly relying upon their human resources as a means of achieving market competencies and to perform better that the competitors. Therefore, to achieve higher performance on the overall, it is important that the human resource managers implement certain programs that can help their companies in fostering a better workplace environment where the workforce can perform better. The important of performance management at work is discussed below: First of all, employees are an integral and indispensable part of running a business smoothly and it is important from a business point of view to check whether they are fulfilling their job duties and responsibilities in an effective manner. Performance management provides an organisation with a framework to keep a check on how the employees are fulfilling the work that is assigned to them and whether they have performed up to the expectations of the employers or not. Secondly, performance management systems are very important in a business set up as they help an organization in identifying those areas where its workforce lacks competencies. Using performance management continuously helps in revealing those areas where the workforce has performed well as well as those areas where the workforce fails to performance up to the expectations. By assessing the underperformed tasks, human resource managers can identify areas where the employees lack competencies and can arrange appropriate training and development programs that will help the workforce in learning the skills that it lacks so that it can perform better in the future[3]. Thirdly, performance management at workplace can help in establishing a better communication channel between the employees and the employers so that the employers can clearly communicate their expectations to the employees. using performance management systems, human resource managers can provide the workforce with a clarity of strategic goals and organisational expectations and the workforce can then work accordingly to achieve them. Fourthly, performance management systems can have a direct impact on a companys profitability. Using performance management systems, it can become easier for business organisations to keep their workforce engaged and motivated to perform better. An engaged and motivated workforce will always perform better in terms of sales, innovation, and design and will help the business in becoming more profitable[4]. Fifthly, continuous performance management assessment can provide a detailed account of employee strengths and weaknesses and can help the management in identifying those employees who have the potential to work at higher job positions in the organisations. Thus, performance management will help an organisation in succession planning while it can provide career growth opportunities to the employees. Lastly, a performance management system can offer a management with a greater control over the workforce. With the help of performance management systems and performance appraisal systems, it can become easier for the employers to deal with the employees who are not performing well as they can take necessary actions against low performers on the basis of performance assessment. On the other hand, the management can promote and motivate high performers using yearly performance appraisals[5] Thus, for an organisation that wants to retain its competitive edge and continue to outperform its competitors, a performance management system in the workplace is of utmost important. Human Performance Technology and Human Performance Improvement Human performance technology Human performance technology, also known as HPT, is an approach that aims at improving the competencies and productivity of a workforce using a set of methods and procedures. It is also a strategy that helps in problem solving and identifying opportunities that are related with the performance of individuals. Human performance technology works by using a wide range of interventions from subjects like behavioural psychology, instructional system design, organisational development, human resource management, etc. to achieve its objectives. Using Human performance technology, human resource managers aim at systematic identification and removal of barriers to individual and organisational performance[6]. Human performance improvement Human performance improvement is another concept that is related with human performance technology. It is a systematic process that follows a result based approach to achieve an improvement in the performance levels of individuals, teams, departments and organisations. It helps human resource managers in analysing the success that their efforts have been able to achieve in improving the performance levels of employees[7]. Difference between Human Performance Technology (HPT) and Human Performance Improvement (HPI) Since the time when Tom Gilbert introduced the three terms i.e. Human performance engineering, human performance technology and human performance improvement in 1970s, most of the people have used all three terms interchangeably even though there is a considerable difference amongst the three terms. To understand the difference between the two terms, it is first important to define all the three terms. First of all, engineering is a scientific approach that helps in acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, social and practical knowledge to solve problems. Secondly, technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems, etc. Lastly, improvement is an act of bringing about a change in something for its betterment. Therefore, Human Resource Engineering is a process that aims at solving complex problems related to individual performance levels by making use of Human Performance Technology so that the end result is Human Performance Improvement, which clearly defines the difference between the three terms[8]. Issues in implementing Human Performance Technology Human resource management is one of the most important functions of an organisation and is also one of the most difficult one. It is always difficult for the managers to deal with the human element in the business and keep them motivated to perform better at all times. The condition that ABC Tech Solutions is facing can also be attributed to the failure of its human resource management to foster a competitive and a performance oriented environment in the workforce, which lead to a decrease in the performance levels of the employees and the company lost its market share to the competitors. For the company to regain its market position and become competitive again, it is important that it implements human resource technology in the workplace so that there can be an increase in the employee performance levels, which will help the company in performing better and becoming competitive once again. Some of the issues that the management might face while trying to implement human resource te chnology in the workplace are discussed below: Measuring the right performance and using the right key performance indicators First of all, to bring about an improvement in the performance of the workforce, it is of utmost important that an organisation is able to assess the right performance levels of the employees using the right performance indicators. It is often said that a dysfunctional performance management system can cause more damage to an organisation than the benefits that a performance management system can have. Using the wrong key performance indicators to assess the performance levels of a workforce can foster a wrong behaviour and the performance levels can drop down exponentially. In the case of ABC Tech Solutions, all the working is done through call centres and the call centres have to operate 24/7 to solve customer queries and issues. In such a business setup, the employees have to be very competitive as they have to solve client issues and queries in real time and as quickly as possible. A failure in an employees ability to provide the right assistance in the minimum possible time can lead to customer grievances and the business of a company can get affected[9]. Further, it is also important for the employees to attend all incoming calls in such a way that the next called is not kept in waiting for too long. Therefore, it can be clearly seen that such a business organisation will have unique key performance indicators and choosing the wrong indicators will foster a negative performance environment. For ABC Tech Solutions, assessing the performance gaps will remain an important issue because in such a business set up, it is never easy to identify the skills or competencies that the employees lack. If the management of the company identifies wrong performance gaps, it will keep on working hard to improve those performance gaps but will never be able to achieve the results that it wants. Ultimately, it will end up wasting its time and important resources and might end up losing its entire market share to the competitors. Change management The second and the greatest issue that is a nightmare to all business organisations in the world is related with the management of change. In trying to improve the performance levels of employees using Human Performance Technology, it is obvious that the management will have to introduce certain changes in the workplace so that the inefficient practices can be removed and more efficient practices can take place and assist the workplace in performing better. In the case of ABC Tech Solutions, it can be observed that the performance management system implemented by the company has not been able to foster the right performance environment in the workplace because the employee performance levels have hit an all-time low. The management of the company will have to redesign its performance management system, which can prove to be an issue for the company because the human element in a company will always offer a little or more resistance to change management programs. It is the tendency of human beings to resist any kind of a change as they do not like to get out of their comfort zones. Further, such a major change in the company might cause an unrest in the minds of the employees, who will end up resisting the change due to the fear of the unknown. There can also be rumours in the organisation. Introducing changes in the performance management system and the performance appraisal system can create an alarming situation in the workplace and t he employees might start feeling insecure about their jobs[10]. A change management program can only be successful when the workforce is ready to accept the change and perceives a benefit along with it. On the other hand, it is always difficult to convince the employees for a change program and involving them in it. Thus, introducing workplace changes will also prove to be a challenge in implementing Human Performance Technology for the company. Formulation of performance objectives While implementing human performance technology, it is equally important to formulate the right performance objectives as important is identifying the right performance gaps in the workforce. Formulating wrong performance objectives can make the management reward wrong employee behaviours, which will further complicate the situation for the company. Further, measuring too much can also create more problems for the company as it might foster a feeling a negativity amongst the employees. If the performance objectives formulated by the management are not achievable or practical, it can have a negative impact on employee performance levels because of a decrease in employee morale, motivation levels, job satisfaction levels and because of frustration of not being able to meet the performance objectives[11]. In the case of ABC Tech Solutions, the performance objectives will definitely be in terms of quantitative data, such as time taken to solve client queries, average waiting time, time spend on taking calls, etc. It is important for the management to set the right performance objectives so that it can bridge the gap between actual perforance and the expected performance in an efficient way. Selecting the right intervention As discussed above, human performance technology is a systematic approach that aims at improving the performance of employees using various interventions, such as training and development, job aids, expectation clarifications, team building, incentives, performance measurements, etc. In order to implement Human performance technology to bring about an improvement in the employee performance levels, it is important for the management to select the right intervention that will help it in bridging the identified performance gaps. Failure of an organisation to implement the right intervention for improving employee performance can result in wastage of time and limited resources, which can further make it incompetent. In the case of ABC Tech Solutions, a major issue that the management will face is related with the selection of intervention that will assist it in bringing about an improvement in the performance levels of the employees. The management of the company will have to carry out an extensive research to assess the right performance gaps so that it can select an appropriate intervention that will help it bridging the gap. Performance appraisals and incentives Another issue that the company might face while trying to implement Human performance technology is related with the performance appraisal system and incentives. The company has already been losing its competitiveness in the market and has been experiencing lower profitability as a result of it. In order to implement Human performance technology, the company will have to introduce certain changes in the workplace and implement a new performance management system that would comprise of new performance objectives. In order to achieve an increase in employee performance levels and to motivate the employees to accept a change, the management will have to design appraisal system and offer certain incentives to those employees who will demonstrate a change in their behaviour. The management will have to carefully decide the incentives so that they do not act as an added burden on the finances of the company but are still able to reinforce a change in employee behaviour and motivate them to perform better. Implementation strategy Implementing a human performance technology in an organisation is not an easy task and requires a competent human resource management to achieve success. Some recommendations that can help the management at ABC Tech Solutions in achieving success with its Human Performance Technology implementation are given below: First of all, the management of the company needs to strengthen its performance management system so that it is able to recognize the right performance gaps. The management can also use anonymous employee surveys to collect information from the employees that will be helpful in knowing about the skills or competencies that they lack. Thus, the management will be able to recognize the right performance gaps. Secondly, the management needs to prepare its workforce for a change. The management of the company should create an urgency for change in the workplace by sharing market information and data with the workforce, which will help the workforce in understanding the cause of change. The management of the company should involve the workforce in the change management program and should explain it to them that the change will be beneficial for them as well as for the market reputation of the company[12]. Thirdly, the management of the company should formulate SMART performance objectives. SMART performance objectives are the ones that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-based or Trackable. Formulating SMART goals can provide a better direction to the management and it can work towards the achievement of the right performance gaols that will help it in keeping the employees engaged and motivated[13]. Fourthly, the management of the company should conduct a thorough research before taking a decision about the intervention it would use for improving the workplace performance. It is not always advantageous to use obvious interventions; such as change in performance management plans or offering greater incentives to the employees. Sometimes, incentives like training and development can also prove to be more effective in increasing employee performance. Thus, the management should compare different interventions that it can implement and should chose the intervention that will have the maximum impact on the employee performance levels[14]. Lastly, though incentives and performance appraisals might increase the operational cost of the company but offering incentives to the workforce is of utmost important as it will help the management in reinforcing a change in their behaviour and increase in performance levels. Incentives and performance appraisals can help in motivating the workforce as the act as a system of rewarding and recognising the efforts that the employees are making[15]. Conclusion Implementation of Human Performance Technology is not as easy as it sounds. The concept of Human Performance Technology is complex and only a competent human resource management can pull it off successfully. The issues involved in the implementation of Human Performance Technology are some serious issues as they can have adverse impacts on employee performance levels if they are not properly dealt with. Thus, ABC Tech Solutions should look into the above information and should consider the above recommendations in order to improve the performance of its workforce by successfully implementing Human Performance Technology in the workplace. References Armstrong, M. Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. s.l.:Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., 2009. Armstrong's handbook of performance management: an evidence-based guide to delivering high performance. s.l.:Kogan Page Publishers. Bardot, S., n.d. What are the benefits of a good Performance Management System ?. [Online] Available at: https://compensationinsider.com/what-are-the-benefits-of-a-good-performance-management-system/ [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Cornerstoneondemand, n.d. The Benefits of Performance Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.cornerstoneondemand.com/benefits-performance-management [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B. Wright, P. M., 2006. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. [Online] Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/e5kKbwZMpg.pdf [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Hrispi.org, n.d. WHAT IS HPT?. [Online] Available at: https://www.hrispi.org/what-is-hpt-hampton-roads-ispi [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Theengagementeffect, n.d. What is Human Performance Improvement?. [Online] Available at: https://theengagementeffect.com/our-toolset/additional-tools/human-performance-improvement [Accessed 17 May 2017]. NEWMAN, J. D., 2015. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HPE, HPT AND HPI AND DOES IT MATTER?. [Online] Available at: https://www.humanperformancetools.com/difference-hpe-hpt-hpi-matter/ [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Reddy, K., n.d. S.M.A.R.T Goals: Definition, Importance, Advantages Disadvantages. [Online] Available at: https://content.wisestep.com/smart-goals-definition-importance-advantages-disadvantages/ [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Roberthalf, 2014. Change Management: Tips for Success. [Online] Available at: https://www.roberthalf.com/management-resources/blog/change-management-tips-for-success [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Thiag.com, 2014. 20 Interventions. [Online] Available at: https://www.thiagi.com/archived-games/2014/12/28/20-interventions McQuerrey, L., n.d. Importance of Incentive Plans. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-incentive-plans-75495.html [Accessed 17 May 2017]. NEXTLEVELHU, 2015. (Survey Results) The Greatest Current Challenges to Performance Improvement. [Online] Available at: https://hpaweb.org/2015/01/28/greatest-current-challenges-performance-improvement/ [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Rose, M., n.d. Addressing the people problem: Human performance technology. [Online] Available at: https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Addressing-the-people-problem-Human-performance-technology [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Pershing, J. A., Lee, J. Cheng, J., 2008. Current status, future trends, and issues in human performance technology, part 2: Models, influential disciplines, and research and development. Performance Improvement, 47(2) [1] (Armstrong Taylor, 2014) [2] (Armstrong, 2009) [3] (Bardot, n.d.) [4] (Cornerstoneondemand, n.d.) [5] (Noe, et al., 2006) [6] (Hrispi.org, n.d.) [7] (Theengagementeffect, n.d.) [8] (NEWMAN, 2015) [9] (NEXTLEVELHU, 2015) [10] (Rose, n.d.) [11] (Pershing, et al., 2008) [12] (Roberthalf, 2014) [13] (Reddy, n.d.) [14] (Thiag.com, 2014) [15] (McQuerrey, n.d.)

Sociology factors Essay Example For Students

Sociology factors Essay 1. (a) Privilege is defined as a favor or right granted to some people, but not to everyone. (b) Power is defined as strength, ability, or a driving force. (c) Difference is defined as the way in which two things are not the same. (d) According to MacIntosh there are two types of privileges. The first is based on what she calls unearned entitlements, which are things that all people should have. Some examples are feeling safe in a public place or working in a place where they feel that they belong and are valued for what they can contribute. The other type of privilege is what MacIntosh calls unearned advantage, and occurs when unearned entitlements are restricted to certain groups. An example would be a white person feeling out of place at a downtown nightclub. (e) The paradox in privilege is that individuals are the ones who experience privilege or the lack of it, but individuals are not what are actually privileged. Instead, privilege is defined in relation to a group or a social category. For example, race privilege is more about white people than it is about white peopl e. Privileges are only granted in society when people identify the individual as belonging to a specific category, race, gender, or cultural background. By saying that oppression is the flip side of privilege the author means that for every social category that is privileged, one or more other categories are oppressed in relation to it. Oppression points toward the social forces that press upon people and hold them back, thus blocking their pursuit of a good life. 2. (a) Capitalism is defined as an economic system based on ownership of resources by individuals or companies and not by the state. Capitalism as it relates to sociology has to do with the fact that it not only produces enormous amounts of wealth, but that it creates extreme levels of inequality among social classes and societies. Capitalism also has made the rich richer and the poor poorer and has opened the gap in the U.S. class system. The matrix of domination says that each particular form of privilege, whether based on race, gender, sexual orientation, class, religion, or ethnicity, exists only as a much larger system of privilege. It works by simplifying and clarifying the gray areas that we encounter in privilege. It allows us to see that each form of privilege exists only in relation to all the rest and keeps us from trying to figure out which is the worst or most oppressive. It states that usually we are both oppressed and not oppressed, privileged and not privileged. 3. (a) Privilege works and exists through social systems and individuals that participate in them. They are dominated by privileged groups, identified with privilege groups, and centered on privileged groups. For example, race privilege happens through systems that are white-dominated, white-identified, and white-centered. (b) Rejection is used in the system of privilege by social groups shunning other social groups. For example, realtors steering blacks away from white neighborhoods and by bankers refusing loans to potential black homebuyers. (c) Exclusion is used in the system of privilege by leaving particular social groups out of events, conversations, and the like. For example, always picking the fat kid last in a game of kickball. (d) Avoidance is used in the system of privilege when people do not acknowledge the presence of another person because of his or her race, gender, social class, economic status, and the like. For example, ignoring some dork at your school when he says hi to you first. (e) Devaluing is used in the system of privilege by not giving someone the credit they deserve for an accomplishment, educational status, or ability. For example, when Asian Americans are treated like computer geeks to be managed for their talents but never allowed to manage themselves or others. And then ultimately to be envied and resented when they excel at particular tasks. (f) Privilege affects people by forcing those trapped in dominant groups to try and fulfill the expectations set forth by their soci al class. For example, men often will deny their own personal needs, not ask for help, live with chronic fear, anxiety, isolation, and loneliness while trying to live up to the mainstream standards of masculinity. (g) Privilege affects organizations, communities, and societies in that it goes virtually undetected and is among our worst kept secrets. It is only every so often that when a scandal explodes onto the front pages of the newspaper that the talk of racial behavior, gender harassment, or any harassment for that matter is even addressed. Most of the time people manage to act as if nothing is wrong and that we are one big happy family. Most organizations fail in the area of diversity because they deal with it badly or not at all, unless a crisis forces the issue. And even then, they only deal with it enough to make it go away. The same goes for communities and societies. 4. Dominant groups do not see privilege as a problem because positions of power tend to be occupied by memb ers of that group. 5. (a) The myth that everything is someones fault stems from our individualistic society that encourages us to think that the social world begins and ends with individuals. For example if we use individualism to explain sexism, it leads us to believe that sexism only exists because men are sexist-have sexist feelings, beliefs, means, and motivations that lead them to behave in sexist ways. Thus, if sexism produces evil consequences it is because men are evil toward women. Therefore everything bad in the world is seen as somebodys fault because they helped to create that image. (b) The path of least resistance refers to the path that a person chooses to take in a given situation or setting that will cause the least amount of attention to be directed at them and will cause the least amount of tension among those present. For example, there are a number of options one could pursue while sitting in a movie theater such as screaming and yelling, undressing, taking out a flashlight and reading the newspaper, or watching the movie silently. All of these except for watching the movie silently would probably cause a scene and eventually some problems with other patrons, therefore most people will take the path of least resistance and sit quietly. 6. (a) Dominant classes get off the hook of racism and classism by saying that they cant talk about it if they cant use the words. The dominant class often blames the victim for racism and classism. (b) Dominant classes choose not to talk about racism and classism. They often discredit words such as privilege, racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, heterosexism, classism, dominance, subordination, oppression, and patriarchy, and twist their meaning or turn them into a phobia all the while trying to make them invisible. .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 , .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .postImageUrl , .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 , .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7:hover , .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7:visited , .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7:active { border:0!important; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7:active , .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7 .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u83dd543759f285fe41d959e0e8e06fc7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Economic Agricultural Statistics Essay

Causes and Consequences of Native American Migration

Table of Contents Introduction Causes of Migration Consequences of Migration Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Native Americans are indigenous people in the United States who currently live in parts of Hawaii, Alaska and the neighboring states. Native Americans are thought to have emigrated from Asia into America through the Bering Land Bridge in about 25000 years ago before colonization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Causes and Consequences of Native American Migration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They inhabited both North and South America, and when Christopher Columbus discovered their existence, he branded them the Red Indians. According to Sioux, â€Å"before the arrival of the European immigrants, Native Americans lived in all parts of America: they roamed the land and settled in places where they found good hunting or fertile land to grow crops† (5). After finding suitable land, they settled and their population grew into millions, but great immigration of European colonialists and African slaves threatened their population growth thus restricting their spread all over America. Since Native Americans currently occupy few states, what are the causes and consequences of their migration? Causes of Migration The major cause of the migration of the Native Americans stemmed from the great immigration of European colonialists. â€Å"European colonization forced thousands of Native Americans to migrate from their settlements to other parts of America† (Sioux 4). Colonial powers during 15th century compelled Native Americans to leave their fertile lands and utilized these lands for their plantations. Following the agrarian revolution in Europe, industries demanded more agricultural produce thus colonialists led by Christopher Columbus identified America as a new world full of immense agricultural potential. As a result, the ensuing scramble for the American land by the European colonialists led to the displacement of the Native Americans. Moreover, since lifestyles of the Native American were quite simple as they practiced subsistence farming, hunting and gathering immigration of Europeans overpowered them and ruled their land. Ultimately, the colonialists resettled them in marginalized regions of their colonial territories. Forms of colonization such as slavery and racism made Native Americans to leave their settlements in search of safe places where they could exercise their freedom. The Native Americans were famously known as a free society and as Sioux notes, â€Å"natural freedom is the only object of the policy of the Native Americans, with this freedom do nature and climate rule alone amongst them †¦ they are people who live without laws, without police, without religion† (13).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Th e coming of colonialists threatened their invaluable freedom as they imposed strict rules of slavery through police and introduced a strange religion called Christianity. In face of these threats, the Native Americans moved away in search of reserved regions, free from the influence of colonialists. In addition, racism marginalized the Native Americans in that; they could not access employment opportunities in the colonial government offices or plantations. Given that their lifestyles of hunting and gathering while practicing subsistence farming were incompatible with the colonialists’ lifestyles, they were forced to migrate in order to preserve and pursue their peculiar lifestyles. There were two consecutive severe droughts in the 12th century and 13th century, which affected the Native Americans who lived in San Juan Basin and the Four Corners region. Benson, Petersen, and Stein explain that, â€Å"droughts that occurred during this period weakened the Northern summer mons oon, which resulted in sharp decrease in maize yields, causing the Native Americans to migrate to areas that had more available water† (190). Consequently, the Native Americans migrated away from the San Juan Basin and the Four Corners in search of regions that had enough rainfall and fertile soils for the growth of maize. Although droughts triggered their migration, cultural interconnectivity also enhanced their movement as a community. The Native Americans had cultural villages and multi-villages, which worked together in promoting survival and development of clans through the history; therefore, in case of crises like droughts, clans migrated together as a unit for they controlled communities. Clansmen had powers to assign fertile lands, distribute resources and make decisions that ensured survival of their respective clans and therefore, migration was the only way of surviving the effects of droughts. Diseases also caused migration of the Native Americans. Great immigratio n of colonialists from Europe and slaves from Africa brought with them epidemic diseases such as measles, syphilis and small pox among others. â€Å"Epidemics were overwhelming cause of population decline and subsequent migration of the Native Americans since they lacked immunity to new diseases brought from Europe† (Benson, Petersen, and Stein 203). For instance, small pox severely affected the Native Americans because it killed about a third of the pollution who lived in the western part of the colonial America.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Causes and Consequences of Native American Migration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the Native Americans retreated to their native reserves, avoiding interaction with foreigners. Due to these epidemic diseases, their population drastically reduced forcing them to migrate in a bid to survive. Statistics show that, about 80% of the Native Am erican population died during 16th and 17th century because of epidemic diseases, hence the rest 20% of the population survived through migration. Another cause of migration of the Native Americans was wars. During colonial period and slavery, they fought both British and French militia, which overpowered and drove them away from their land. In addition, they fought during the Civil War hoping the American government would recognize their efforts, reward them by eliminating the longstanding discrimination, and shift them from their reserves into urban areas. Unfortunately, â€Å"while the war raged and Africans Americans proclaimed free, the United States government continued its policies of assimilation, submission, removal, or extermination of Native Americans† (Baird 45). Therefore, the Native Americans suffered during wars making them to migrate to other areas as the government continued to relocate and marginalize them into their ancestral land. Consequences of Migration The constant migration of the Native Americans resulted into serious consequences that affected their economic, social, cultural, religious, and political lifestyles. Economically, the Native Americans lost their land through marginalization by the United States government. Moreover, loss of property and human resources due to wars and diseases decimated their population with time. â€Å"In the 19th century the westward expansion of the United States incrementally expelled large numbers of Native Americans the east areas of their territory, either forcing them into marginal lands further west or by outright massacres† (Baird 48). In addition, migration due to hostility of the immigrants and droughts did not give them enough time to settle economically, a factor that plunged them into abject poverty and vulnerability in terms of economic and political discrimination by the colonialists and the United States government. Their economic status became even worse due to their frag ile lifestyles of subsistence farming, hunting and gathering, since they lost vast tracts of land and squeezed themselves in small ancestral lands. As a result, the Native Americans’ population continued to dwindle and they lacked the numbers to push for any substantial reforms to accommodate them in the independent America.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As aforementioned, the continued migration of the Native Americans predisposed them to marginalization and discrimination. The arrival of the immigrants into their territories, outbreak of diseases, wars and colonialism continually pushed them out of their lands into reserves. As the economy of the United States flourished, they were too far from economic mainstream, thus becoming more susceptible to the marginalization and discrimination that characterized the independent American government. Research studies conducted to find out the effects of immigrants on the labor market show that, â€Å"immigration reduces the labor market opportunities available to the less-skilled natives† (Camarota 35). Influx of immigrants into the United States gradually led to reduction of the labor markets increasing unemployment to the already marginalized Native Americans. Since migration had negatively influenced their connection to mainstream economic activities, they had no access to employ ment and educational opportunities that would have eventually improved their lives economically. The migration of the Native Americans resulted into intermarriages between clans or tribes. Sioux argues that, â€Å"intertribal mixing was common among Native American tribes †¦ entire tribes occasionally split or merged to form more viable groups in reaction to the pressures of climate, disease and warfare† (23). Migration promoted mixing of genes since the Native Americans wanted to increase their decimated population by wars, diseases, massacres, droughts and migration effects. The Native Americans intermarried with the Whites and African Americans; hence, the intermarriages increased their genetic diversity. The diversity of their genetic makeup enhanced their immunity against diseases like small pox because not all Native Americans were susceptible to small pox and other epidemic diseases as before their migrations and intermarriages. The Native Americans lost their cul ture, religious beliefs, and language in the course of their migration and interaction with other communities. Despite having unique culture that valued freedom, simple lifestyles of hunting and gathering coupled with forced migration did not give them ample time to preserve, practice and impart their cultural values, and as a result, the United States government failed to recognize them. The government perceived them as uncivilized and embarked on strategies of ensuring that their children got the right education, which would civilize them. Christian reformers introduced educational system that â€Å"proved traumatic to Indian children who were forbidden to speak their native languages, practice their religion and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Indian identity and adopt European-American culture† (Fagan 42). In addition, interaction with the Whites and Africans made them change their hunting and gathering lifestyles. All these experiences led to transformatio ns and loss of native culture, religious beliefs and language. Conclusion The Native Americans are the indigenous people of the United States but through the course of history; they have experienced marginalization and discrimination as though they were immigrants. Currently, the dominating populations in the United States are the European Americans and the African Americans, while the Native Americans are diminishing with time. The Native Americans experienced varied hardships that made them migrate continually through centuries making their economical wellbeing very unstable. Although the United States gained the super power status, it continued to evict them into their ancestral lands and discriminated against their culture and religion. They lost vast tracts of lands as result of migration and squeezed themselves in the marginal lands that were not fertile to support their healthy existence. Diseases and wars also decimated their populations reducing then into one of the minorit y groups in the United States America. Works Cited Baird, David. â€Å"We are all Americans in the Civil War.† Native Americans Journal 2.3 (2009): 44-50. Print. Benson, Larry, Kenneth Petersen, John Stein. â€Å"Pre-Columbian Native American Migrations.† Springer Journal 83.2 (2006): 187-213. Print. Camarota, Steven. â€Å"The Wages of Immigration.† Centre for Immigration Studies 12.3 (1998): 3-39. Fagan, Brian. Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent. New York: Thames Hudson Publishers, 2005. Sioux, Tracee. Native American Migration. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2004 This research paper on Causes and Consequences of Native American Migration was written and submitted by user Kailey Decker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Massospondylus - Facts and Figures

Massospondylus - Facts and Figures Name: Massospondylus (Greek for large vertebrae); pronounced MASS-oh-SPON-dill-us Habitat: Woodlands of South Africa Historical Period: Early Jurassic (208-190 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 13 feet long and 300 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large, five-fingered hands; long neck and tail About Massospondylus Massospondylus is a good example of the class of dinosaurs known as prosauropodssmall-to-medium sized, small-brained herbivores of the early Jurassic period whose relatives later evolved into towering sauropods like Barosaurus and Brachiosaurus. In early 2012, Massospondylus made headlines thanks to the discovery in South Africa of preserved nesting grounds, containing fossilized eggs and embryos, dating to the early Jurassic period (about 190 million years ago) This plant-eaterwhich paleontologists believe stomped in stampede-sized numbers across the plains of early Jurassic South Africais also a case study in changing views of dinosaur behavior. For decades, it was widely believed that Massospondylus walked on all fours, only occasionally rearing up on its hind legs to reach vegetation. In the last few years, though, convincing evidence has come to light that Massospondylus was primarily bipedal, and faster (and more agile) than was previously believed. Because it was discovered so early in paleontological historyin 1854, by the famous naturalist Sir Richard OwenMassospondylus has generated its share of confusion, as various fossil remains have been incorrectly assigned to this genus. For instance, this dinosaur has been identified (at one time or another) with such dubious and now-discarded names as Aristosaurus, Dromicosaurus, Gryponyx, Hortalotarsus, Leptospondylus, and Pachyspondylus.

Project Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Project Managment - Assignment Example The management board of Dell Corporation would like to design and develop personal computers that will appeal to twenty-five to forty-five year old business executives. However, before the actual process of design and development commences, it became extremely important to contract MarketWorld Ltd to do a market research to determine the features of the new computers that will appeal to the business executives. In addition, the research is to identify the type and number of business executives who are likely to purchase the classic computers as well as the price they are willing to pay. This information will be vey important because it will dictate the number of computers to be produced in future, thus help Dell Corporation decide whether to produce new brand of classic computers or not. The main features of the project include; research will be confirmatory and exploratory; qualitative and quantitative; sample size will be three thousand five hundred business executives; it will use desktop research, focus groups, interviews and email to collect both primary and secondary data. First, seventy percent (70%) of market research will be exploratory while the remaining thirty percent (30%) will be confirmatory. This is because Dell Corporation is seeking better ideas that will yield highly enduring and marketable personal computers. Secondly, sixty percent (60%) of the market research will be qualitative in nature while the remaining forty percent (40%) will be quantitative. Thirdly, data will be collected through use of focus groups, ethnographic observation, e-mail, telephone and personal interviews. Fourth, research will sample three thousand five hundred business executives in the United Kingdom. Fifth, eighty percent (80%) of the data collected will be from primary sources while the remaining twenty percent (20%) will be from secondary sources. To measure the performance and progress of the market research project, costs, performance as

Safety issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safety issues - Research Paper Example The safety issues need to be given the proper attention that shall pave the way for a better understanding of the society and the people at large so that they can interact on a one to one level and bring success for the society as a whole. The changing world scenario in the last decade or so has seen that terrorism has come out in the open. This has meant that the world order has come down badly. The uproar has been negative more than anything else and which has meant that the security and safety issues have come up for all the wrong reasons. This suggests the negativity of the society as a whole and its people in meticulous who are now more concerned than ever because they know that in order to spend a good life, they need to ensure that their near and dear ones are following the safety dictum – not to be present at the wrong place at the wrong time. What is even more distressing to know is the fact that the safety issues are being given more emphasis now than ever before. The people have started to enact ways and means through which their safety is going to be guaranteed. They are very serious about such nuances and want to ensure that their seriousness regarding this aspect is understood by the people around them and the ones who are in positions of authority. If this is done, it makes the entire society feel comfortable with one another, and gives the people the much needed mileage that they require in entirety. The safety issues are being understood properly by the people at large. This is because everyone wants to live in peace and harmony, and thus ensure that there is a great amount of security for the people who reside in varied parts of the world. But then again, the locals of a particular area do not want their lives to get disturbed through the agents that bring about unsafe avenues (Bladek, 2011). These safety issues are also being dictates by the government because it wants the people to live easily and without much fuss. If the

History and interior design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History and interior design - Essay Example ............................................................................10 Churchill War Rooms museum..............................................................................................12 Restoring old museums...........................................................................................................11 Modern Interior.......................................................................................................................12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..13 Bibliography†¦.........................................................................................................................14 Interior design has been able to establish history by its temporary qualities and emphasis on uniqueness in its practice. Although many have come out to define interior decor the right definition has not yet been established and there is a likelihood of never been a rightful answer (Britow, 1996, p.74). Interior decor in London has always been used to celebrate and mark history made in the country. How interior works can be understood by answering the question why interior design and this has made interior decor emerge as a tool to understand history. An approach has to be formed between history and interior to allow movement or change in establishing the interior. The concept of interior history is understood as a process that is taking place at a particular stage. The main idea of re-writing history today is to change people’s perception that interior design can only take place in enclosed spaces. This platform offers designers and student designers certain connection on the inside and outside connection. When people talk about interior design they only consider the interior form and leave out the design found outside. The interior design used on a building has always been influenced by technological advances resulting to rapid urbanization and deprivation of culture and regional identity. Interior designers sit in committees and attend world conferences to share and learn better concepts to incorporate in their work (Martin, 2009, p.72). Today this is not the case buildings that also have no enclosure are undergoing interior decoration. Therefore overtime the history of interior design has changed with establishments being analysed on the interior and exterior (McKellar & Sparke, 2004, p.135). One good example is the Millennium Dome museums found in London a major attraction and visited by many due to their interior designs. The interior designs are tools used to write history and explain some circumstances in the past. Take an example the millennium dome museum built to celebrate the end of the 20th century and to welcome the 21st century. Millennium dome museum had the interior and exterior design laid out by several designers. The museum had the material used on its exterior durable and resistance. The outside fabric has a reflective blue coating giving it a beautiful appearance. The museum at night reflections is very beautiful because the light fittings were strategically installed round the dome-shape museum. The good-lining fabric was meant to render good colour rendering. Today the millennium dome museum is widely known for its exterior design and attracts a number of visitors. (The image below shows the exterior design of the Millennium Dome museum from a bird view and on the right is the interior view of the museum) Most of the museums in London have a great exhibition of interior

Skin to skin contact and breastfeeding rate

Skin to skin contact and breastfeeding rate Formulation and theoretical perspectives. Effect of the first two hours after birth skin-to-skin contact for full term infants on first breastfeeding experience and breastfeeding duration: A randomised controlled trial Background It is unquestioned that breastfeeding is the most significant form of providing nutrition for infants. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first six month of life, with continued breastfeeding for up to two years or longer is highly recommended by World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2000). In addition, The American Academy of Paediatrics (1997) stats Exclusive breastfeeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for the first six months after birthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It is recommended that breastfeeding continue for at least twelve months, and thereafter for as long as mutually desired. According to The American Academy of Paediatrics (1997) described the benefits of breastfeeding including improved general health, growth, and development of the breastfed infant; decreased incidence and severity of diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, ear infections, bacterial meningitis, botulism, and urinary tract infections; protection fro m sudden infant death syndrome, childhood cancer, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, allergies, and other chronic digestive diseases; and enhanced cognitive development. To compare with other Europe countries, breastfeeding rates in the UK are low (UNICEF, 1999). In 2005, 45% of all mothers in the United Kingdom were breastfeeding exclusively at one week, while 21% were feeding exclusively at six weeks. At six months the proportion of mothers who were breastfeeding exclusively was negligible ( The Baby Friendly Initiative was introduced in the UK in 1992 by the WHO and UNICEF. The purpose of the programme is to encourage hospitals to increase protection, promotion and support breastfeeding and implement the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (UNICEF 1998). Step four recommends skin-to-skin contact (SSC) in the early postnatal period, which should last until the first feed or for as long as the mother wishes (UNICEF, 1998). The process of skin-to-skin contact was defined as the infant is naked in a prone position and skin-to-skin on the mothers bare abdomen or chest during the first minute postbirth. Apgar scores are assigned and suctioning is done if medically indicated. The infant must be gently dried and covered across the back with a prewarmed blanket. The initial physical assessment is performed while the infant is with the mother skin-to-skin. To prevent heat loss, the infants head must be covered with a dry cap, which is replaced when it becomes damp. Ideally, all other interventions are delayed until at least after the end of the first breastfeeding (Moore Anderson, 2007). The optimal time for newborn babies to develop pre-breastfeeding behaviour, such as rooting and sucking (Gomez, et al., 1998), skin-to-skin contact and provide first breastfeeding is the first two hours postbirth when they are more alert to the environment. In this stage, it may indicate a sensitive period for establish effective breastfeeding. Bornstein (1989) defines sensitive period as a developmental phase of built-in competence for the development of specific behaviour exchanges between the organism and the environment whose consequences presumably endure for the organism. After this sensitive period, the two hours postbirth, many newborn babies go into a drowsy stage which maybe difficult to arouse for up to several hours (Britton, 1998). Purpose of the research Previous studies found that infants were eight times more likely to breastfeed spontaneously if they spent more than 50 minutes in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers immediately after birth, and concluded that the dose of skin-to-skin contact might be a critical component regarding breastfeeding success (Gomez. et al., 1998). Despite numerous documents and randomized control trials have showed the positive impact of skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding, mother-infant separation by physical assessment and routine care during the first hours postbirth before having the opportunity to start skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding is still common practice in many healthcare settings. In light of the above, the aim of the study is to examine the effects of skin-to-skin contact for full-term newborn babies during the first two hours postbirth on first breastfeeding experience and exclusive breastfeeding rate in six months postbirth. Two hypotheses will be tested: (1) skin-to-skin contact during the first two hours postbirth has positive impact on first breastfeeding experience; (2) skin-to-skin contact during the first two hours postbirth increases the likelihood of breastfeeding establishment; (3) skin-to-skin contact during the first two hours postbirth increases both breastfeeding establishment and duration. 2. Methods to be used The topic was skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding rate and the methodology selected was quantitative. This is because breastfeeding rate is to be measured precisely so as to allow comparisons between the various groups. And for relative representativeness and for generalisations made quantitative research a better choice. The study will be conducted by randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of SSC with routine care on first breastfeeding experience and breastfeeding duration. In the control group which receiving routine care, babies will quickly dried and wrapped in a towel before being handed to their mother or father. Mother-baby contact will be interrupted for physical assessment, given a vitamin K injection, weighing, dressing and measuring the baby, or for repairing the mothers perineum wound. After the routine care finish, the baby will be swaddled in prewarmed blankets and return to the mother. And the staff nurse will assist with breast feeding when both mother and baby are ready. In the skin-to-skin care group, the infants will be given to their mothers immediately after birth and will be placed nakedly in a prone position against the mothers skin between the breasts with a large pre-warmed blanket. After the cord cut, the infant will be moved to radiant warmer for the same routine care as the control group then back to their mother again for about 2 hours. And when both mother and baby in skin-to-skin group are ready, the staff nurse also will a ssist with breast feeding. 2.1 Sampling principles and procedures Criteria for including/excluding study participants Eligible participants included pregnant woman who are primiparas mothers, had no pre-existing medical complications and no history of mental illness or illicit drug use, 18 years or older, expecting a vaginal delivery, intended to breast feed, her healthy fetus need to greater than 37 weeks gestation. A woman will be ineligible if their babies weighted less than 2200gm, Sample size In Shiaus study (1997), skin-to-skin contact dyads had better breastfeeding status than control dyads on day 28 (6.16  ± 2.06 vs. 4.0  ± 1.60, P= .004). This computes to an effect size of 1.17. And in Moores study (2007), the author used the data to compute power in her study for the samples were similar in their research. Moore(2007) indicated if the true effect size is 1.17, the probability of detecting significant differences between the two groups is 81% (i.e., 19% of the time significant differences would not be detected). Therefore, 10 participants per group may be adequate to detect statistically significant between-group differences in breastfeeding status and Moore also used minimization to control the influence of the variables, she explained that in small studies, simple randomization procedures are likely to result in groups that are unbalanced with respect to potentially confounding variables. For the above reason, in this research, a sample of 10 participants per group will be appropriate but to avoid possible attrition during the time, 15 participants will be recruited. Recruitment The participants will be recruited through a hospital in Manchester with the help of clinical nurse and maternity consultants. Women who fulfill the inclusion criteria will be contacted by the clinical coordinator at 36-37 weeks gestation. The women will provided with oral explanation about the trial, eligible participants will be recruited and informed consent will be obtained. After birth, mothers and their newborn babies who still remained eligible will be randomized using minimization to either skin-to-skin group or control group. 2.2 Data collection methods Minimization is an assignment strategy, similar in intention to stratification that ensures excellent balance between intervention groups for specified prognostic factors. The next participant is assigned to whichever group would minimize the imbalance between groups on specified prognostic factors. Minimization is an acceptable alternative to random assignment (CONSORT, 2007). The minimization program will be applied to control the following variables: baby gender, birth weight, and gestational age, maternal age, education, marital status, race, smoking history, breastfeeding intention and maternal employment (no, part-time, or full-time employment). When participants admit to the hospital in active labour, the clinical co-ordinator will be contacted for information gathering. And when all the information obtained, the computerized minimization programme will assign randomly either to skin-to-skin group or control group. Demographic, labour and delivery history data (past and current pregnancies) from the records will be collected by the clinical co-ordinator. Post-delivery data collection will be carried out through contact with the mothers before they left hospital. Post-delivery care will be observed by the research assistant as well as assessment of first breastfeeding in the delivery room. The infants first breastfeeding will be score by the research assistant by using the IBFAT. The IBFAT measures 4 aspect of suckling competence: (1) infant state of arousal or readiness to feed; (2) rooting reflex; (3) latch-on; and (4) suckling pattern. Each item has a score of 0 to 3 for a maximum score of 12, indicating competent breastfeeding. Success of the first breastfeeding (score of 10 to 12) will be measured by this tool. The IBS, which assesses the degree of breastfeeding exclusivity; The IBS is a single-item indicator consisting of three major levels of breastfeeding: full, partial, and token. Eight levels are ranked from 1 for exclusive to 8 for weaned. Full is divided into two subcategories: exclusive (the infant consumes only breast milk and no other liquid or solid food [score=1]), and almost exclusive (the infant is given water, juice, vitam ins, and minerals infrequently in addition to breast milk [score= 2]). The partial category, which originally had two subcategories, was subdivided into four subcategories for greater accuracy: high-partial (> 80% of the infants diet is breast milk [score= 3]); medium-high (50% 80% breast milk[score = 4]); medium-low (20% Follow-up assessment will be take place when infants reached 1, 3, and 6 months corrected age. The research assistant will contact to the mother in advance then arrange the visit. 3. Data analysis There will be six stages in data analysis. Stage 1: data preparation. Checking, editing and coding. Stage 2: data entry. Entering the data in the computer. Stage 3: Graphic presentation. Presenting the findings in the form of graphs or tables. Stage 4: data processing and analysis. Conducting statistical analysis. Stage 5: interpretation of the findings. Explaining the meaning of data individually. Stage 6: six- Conclusion. Proposing direct answers to the research question (Saratakos, 2005, p.364). A t-test is an interval/ration test of significance which has the purpose of ascertaining whether or not the findings of a sample-based study are significant, that is also valid for the target population. It checks the degree if generalisability of the findings of the study. the t-test serves the same purpose as chi-square tests, except that it is suitable for interval/ration variables (Saratakos, 2005, p.388) Analysis in this research will follow the intent to treat principle. SPSS computer software (version 15) will be used for data analysis. Differences between groups in demographic and other variables will be determined by using descriptive statistics, t-tests for interval level data, and à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 analysis (Fishers exact test) for nominal data e.g. 1.baby gender, 2.birth weight, 3.gestational age, 4.maternal age, 5.education, 6.marital status, 7.race, 8.smoking history, 9.breastfeeding intention and 10.maternal employment (no, part-time, or full-time employment). 4. Probable outputs If the result shows that skin-to-skin contact for full-term newborn babies during the first two hours postbirth has significant effect on first breastfeeding experience and also enhance the exclusive breastfeeding rate in six months postbirth. The result will not only provide support in the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding principle , especially in Step four recommends skin-to-skin contact in the early postnatal period, which should last until the first feed or for as long as the mother wishes but also increase its credibility in enhance breastfeeding establishment. Early skin-to-skin contact can have a positive impact on newborn infants health by establish first breastfeeding well but also increase the mothers satisfaction as well as the bonding and interaction between mothers and newborn babies. The skin-to-skin used to exercise as an intervention for premature babies, with the result, we can apply to generalisation. The intervention can not only use for premature babies but also works in healthy, full term babies. When apply the result into clinical practice, the newborn infant routine care in delivery will changed significantly. Firstly, in many healthcare setting, when delivery comes, the first priority is to dry the baby and keep the airway open and do a range of physical assessment and newborn routine care. Due the complicated tasks, mothers and newborn infants usually have to separate more than one hour which miss the most precious time for bonding between mothers and newborn infants. To implement the intervention, the old practice has to be changed. For clinical practitioners might need some time cope due to the various tasks and duties. If the skin-to-skin contact intervention performs well in clinical practice, maybe researchers can put more effort in this area. For example, let the father or significant other practice the skin-to-skin contact with newborn infants and examine the effect might be operate as good as mothers. 5. Scheduling of the study Month Task Jan Feb Ma r Ap r May Jun Ju l Aug Sep Oc t Nov Dec LITERATURE REVIEW: Identify data sources, archives and specialist library collections.Identify potential case studies.Review theory and methodology, policy and clinical practice. Develop research question Complete research proposal Develop research methodology Sampling and recruitment Data Collection Results, Data analysis and evaluation Research project completed 6. Detailed justification of costs Description Item  ¿Ã‚ ¡/ per year comment Personnel 1. research assistant 2. clinical coordinator  ¿Ã‚ ¡9/ per hour 9*2*20*20  ¿Ã‚ ¡7200~8000 20hours/per person/week About 20 weeks Hard/software computer*1, laptop*1 camera*1, MP3 recorder  ¿Ã‚ ¡890~990 Ccomputer- ¿Ã‚ ¡400 Laptop- ¿Ã‚ ¡350 -camera- ¿Ã‚ ¡100 -MP3 recorder- ¿Ã‚ ¡40 Administrative Expenses  ¿Ã‚ ¡200~ ¿Ã‚ ¡250 Travel, communication, Attend conference, seminar, meeting  ¿Ã‚ ¡500~1000 Accommodation Consumables Stationery  ¿Ã‚ ¡100~ ¿Ã‚ ¡150 Fees and Service Charges  ¿Ã‚ ¡100~ ¿Ã‚ ¡150 Budget  ¿Ã‚ ¡11000  ¿Ã‚ ¡8990~ ¿Ã‚ ¡10540 7. Ethical issues There are some ethical issues we may meet when we do the research. Firstly, start with informed consent, in a research, participants should be fully informed as much information as possible that the participants can decide whether they want to join or not. Therefore , before we establish the research, all the participants will received oral and written information about the nature and purpose of the research study and its potential implications for them. After participants fully understood, inform consent will be obtained before we start the research. And participants also accept that they can stop or withdraw the research at any time they want. Secondly, the issue of the invasion of privacy, in the research project, Confidentiality and anonymous will be guaranteed. Any identification, documents will be separate from the tape recording and transcription. Data also will be stored in a locked and secure container, only the researcher can assess the key. Last but not least, before any act, we have to obtain the approval from Research Ethics Committee. By doing so, everyones right is protected. 8. Reflection on your study Early skin-to-skin contact may not effect on first breastfeeding experience and breastfeeding duration, the reasons are vary. There are many factors influence breastfeeding negatively. For example, for working mother, maybe they experienced a very wonder first breastfeeding while having skin-to-skin contact with her baby when they in the hospital with healthcare providers support and breastfeeding education. However, when the mother and her newborn infant go home, a range of unexpected things happened to them, without healthcare providers help, short maternity leave and stressful work, all these reasons are affecting the decision of breastfeeding establishment and duration. Furthermore, if the intervention of skin-to-skin contact will implement in clinical practice, it will change the long established routine and roles which is difficult when face experience clinical practitioner whom dont like to change. The following questions are from the Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP, 2003). These 10 questions can help us think about these issues systematically. 1. Did the study ask a clearly-focused question? In this research, the population, intervention and outcome are clearly stated. 2 .Was this a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and was it appropriately so? In this research, I want to examine the effect of skin-to-skin contact for full-term newborn babies during the first two hours postbirth on first breastfeeding. To evaluate the effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact, I have to chose randomised controlled trial to test. In Glaszious paper (2001), he stated that to study the effects of interventions, it is necessary to compare a group of patients who have received the intervention (study group) with a comparable group who have not received the intervention (control group). A randomized controlled trial, which is a trial in which subjects are randomly allocated to the study or control groups, is usually the ideal design. 3. Were participants appropriately allocated to intervention and control groups? In the study, I will use computerized minimization to allocate participants, so I assume the participants will be allocated appropriately. 4. Were participants, staff and study personnel blind to participants study group? In this study, participants, staff and study personnel, they wont blind to participants study group, which could make observer bias and possibly a weakness in this study. 5. Were all of the participants who entered the trial accounted for at its conclusion? In the study, I assume all the participants who entered the trial accounted for at its conclusion for avoiding attrition bias. 6. Were the participants in all groups followed up and data collected in the same way? In the study, we have one research assistant dose the post-delivery care observation and assessment of first breastfeeding in the delivery room. And the other clinical co-ordinator responsible for documentation, so I presume the data will collected in the same way. 7. Did the study have enough participants to minimize the play of chance? According to previous studies effect size, in this study, we only recruit 15 participants 8. How are the results presented and what is the main result? 9 .How precise are these results? 10. Were all important outcomes considered so the results can be applied? for question 8-10, it can not answered for the study is not carry out yet.

Adam Smith :: Biography

Adam Smith Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. His exact date of his birth is unknown but he was baptized on June 5, 1723. At the age of fifteen, Smith began attending Glasgow University where he studied moral philosophy. In 1748 he began giving lectures in Edinburgh where he discussed rhetoric and later he began to discuss the economic philosophy of the â€Å"simple system of natural liberty† which he later proclaimed in his Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In 1751, Smith was appointed professor of logic at Glasgow university, transferring in 1752 to the chair of moral philosophy. His lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and political economy. In 1759 he published his Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was about those standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives. Smith moved to London in 1776, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. The Wealth of Nations established economics as an autonomous subject and, launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise. In the western world, it is the most influential book on the subject. When the book, which has become a classic manifesto against mercantilism, appeared in 1776, there was a strong sentiment for free trade in both Britain and America. This new feeling had been born out of the economic hardships and poverty caused by the war but the British public and parliament still clung to mercantilism for many years to come. Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and still holds true today.

Case Study: Clams about Gay Marriage Essay

This case study focuses on the gay marriages in different states. In Massachusetts the State Supreme court had a ruling that the state constitution did not agree with same-sex marriages. The only way they could grant licenses was if the legislative acted to give same-sex marriages. After this ruling in Massachusetts; in San Francisco, California the mayor ruled that they could not deny same-sex marriages. Many same-sex couples began to apply for marriage licenses and got the marriage license. The gay marriages started to attract the media and many television cameras. Soon after the California State Supreme Court said that the San Francisco mayor had exceeded his power and they told the city to stop issuing these state marriage licenses to gay couples. Courts in other states followed the Massachusetts ruling not allowing same-sex marriages. It then began to report that other foreign countries were allowing same-sex marriages to become legal. This started controversy in the United States because people in America think of marriage in a very sensitive way and that commitment it between two people who love each other. Advocates of gay marriage wanted to know why when two people are in love that they couldn’t be married. This began to raise issues for gay marriage not being legalized. Advocates were speaking out that it not only is about the commitment between the two people but also about the legal rights that the couples would obtain. The gay couples wanted the rights that a couple of a married man and women would get. They wanted to be able to get the medical rights and property rights of other normal married couples. Advocates also argued that they have their freedom also and they have the right to be in love with whomever they choose to be in love with. They just wanted the same equality as everyone else. In others terms they stated that same-sex marriage was wrong and it shouldn’t be allowed in the state. The argument then began again about marriage should be between one man and one woman. They also began to state that children that come from a household of a man and woman being married benefited them. They believed that if same-sex marriage became legal there would become a downfall in society. It wasn’t about the rights and freedom of same-sex couples but the image that America was to hold and how society is taught that one man and one woman should be married. In elections later in 2004 and 2006 conservative politicians wanted to have a same-sex marriage amendment to forbid it. The arguments for and against gay marriage became more and more heated as the years went on. As votes were shown most people wanted civil union laws. When the vote for same-sex marriage came about only a minority was for it. Gay and lesbian couples began to arrange ceremonies that were not legal unless legally allowed in the state. To this day debates, arguments, and court cases still go on about the fight for gay marriage. Questions 1. What grounds, warrants, and conclusions do advocates for gay marriage and their opponents use? The advocates say that besides two people being in love and making a commitment but that same-sex couples should have the freedom to love whomever they choose have the rights as any other one man and one woman married couple were to have. The opponents believe that for reasons for society and to keep the image and to not cause a downfall in America that only a man and woman should be legally married. 2. How did claims favor of gay marriage evolve from those of the earliest advocates to the more recent campaigns after the ruling by the Massachusetts state supreme court? I believe that the Massachusetts ruling was part of the start that caused the claims to start and from all of this evolved the more recent campaigns and the issues coming from gay marriage. 3. How did opponents to gay marriage change their counterclaims to respond to new arguments by advocates of gay rights? The opponents changed their counterclaims because they had to be able to have an argument back to the new responses of the gay rights advocates.

Love and Basketball Research Paper Example

Love and Basketball Research Paper Example Love and Basketball Paper Love and Basketball Paper Watching movies is a great way to learn and study different interpersonal relationships. A lot of them are just like real life situations that happen every day between people. One of my favorite movies is Love and Basketball. I chose to talk about this movie because in my opinion it really focuses on the relationship of the two main characters. There are good moments and bad ones in their relationship with one another. I also believe there are a lot of different things the characters could have done and said that would have made communicating with each other a lot easier. It’s one of my favorite movies and I have learned a lot about communicating from it. The movie starts out with the main characters, Quincy and Monica. Both of them love to play basketball more then they love doing anything else. Quincy is in awe of how good Monica is at playing for a girl. They become friends with each other and remain friends throughout high school. Monica was never big on having a boyfriend and that is something Quincy makes fun of her for. She doesn’t care because all she is interested in is playing ball. After some time Monica starts to fall in love with Quincy and he starts to fall for her also. They end up getting scholarships to the same university and remain together. When Quincy gets news that his father has been cheating on his wife, he slowly falls apart. This causes a huge argument between Monica and him and their relationship falls apart. His playing ability also starts to go downhill as hers reaches a peak. After time goes by they remain apart from each other and keep playing ball for professional teams. Quincy gets hurt on the court and suddenly can’t play anymore. While he is out from basketball he gets engaged while Monica keeps playing basketball. Eventually Monica tells him her feelings for him and how she is still in love with him. At the end of the movie they end up playing a game of one-on-one for his heart. She loses but then he surprises her by saying he wants a rematch. They end up getting married and having a daughter together. The story wasn’t as easy as it sounds though. In the beginning of the story Quincy and Monica’s relationship was very open and good with each other. They would talk about things with each other and the relationship they had was very intimate. When one of them needed to alk about something the other would have no problem listening and hearing what the other had to say. Once Quincy started having problems with his dad is when things really went downhill for him and Monica. Quincy needed Monica to be the person for him to talk about it to, but she was too worried about her curfew. To me this would be an example of reward power. This is based on another person’s ability to satis fy your needs. In this case Monica couldn’t satisfy Quincy’s need for a companion when he needed it so this caused him to be angry at her and pull away. She didn’t seem to be understanding about his situation when he needed her to be. She was too worried about her curfew for basketball so she wouldn’t get in trouble with the coach. For them this was the biggest turning point in their relationship. Turning points are events or interactions that are associated with positive or negative changes in relationships. Their communication with one another became less and less. Relational de-escalation, the movement that occurs when a relationship decreases in intimacy, also happened. Quincy and Monica went to a party and saw each other there. Quincy was all over this other girl that was at the same party. Monica saw him talking to her and instantly got angry about it, so she walked up to him and started talking to him about it. She asked him if he wanted to go back to his place and talk about the situation with his dad. Quincy was obviously still angry at her so he responded by asking her if she had curfew. Monica told him she didn’t that night so she could talk, but Quincy just shook his head and told her not to worry about it. He told her he was tired and was just going to go to bed. This was when Monica realized that he was seriously angry with her. A couple days went by and she thought the situation had blown over and everything would be okay, but it wasn’t. Quincy ended up breaking it off with her one night as they were talking. One mistake in a relationship can cause it to end, and this is what this movie has taught me. In this movie I have learned a lot about interpersonal relationships. If I am understanding and am there when the other person needs me to be, things will go a lot more smoothly. I like to put myself in the other person’s shoes and look at it in a different perspective. I would want the other person to be there for me when I need them to be and I’d want to be listened to. Open relationships are what makes or breaks you. In this part of the movie it broke their relationship, but all that matters is that they did end up together and happy. They needed to realize what one another needed from the other and grow up and mature a little more in order to make the relationship work. In the end though, they realized they truly loved each other and decided to make it work after they saw their mistakes. This was a great movie to watch and learn from.

Ownership, Originality, Copying and Infringement of Software Copyright Background The WritePass Journal

Ownership, Originality, Copying and Infringement of Software Copyright Background Abstract Ownership, Originality, Copying and Infringement of Software Copyright Background : 143). However, Arnold J stated that because of the uncertainty surrounding software programs a referral to the ECJ was required. On being referred by the High Court, the ECJ held that the copyright available to computer programs under the Software Directive does not protect the functionality of a computer program, its programming language or the format of data files used in it. In January 2013, the High Court applied the ECJs ruling, yet the High Courts decision was upheld by the Court of Appeal in November 2013. In accordance with this it is likely to prove very difficult for FTS to establish a claim in copyright and even if this can be ascertained, they will still have to demonstrate additional copyright requirements, such as ownership. Accordingly, software cases also give rise to ownership issues since there will often be more than one author due to the complexity and size of computer codes generally. Nevertheless, section 9 (1) CDPA makes it clear that the owner of a work is the person that has created it. As this is a computer-generated work, it will thus be the person who arranged for the creation of the work (section 9 (3)) unless he has created the work within the course of employment. If it is found that Bill created the work, FTS will still be the owner as the ownership of copyright remains vested in an employer if the creation was made during the course of employment (section 11 CDPA). Nevertheless, as evidenced in (1) Laurence John Wrenn (2) Integrated Multi-Media Solutions v Ste phen Landamore [2007] EWHC 1833 (Ch) each case will be decided on its own facts. Here, it was held by the court that since there was a written agreement between the parties, an exclusive license could be implied. Regardless of these difficulties, however, software can still be afforded copyright protection and the most common act of infringement that occurs in relation to source or object codes is unauthorised copying. Here, a distinction needs to be made between literal and non-literal copying. Literal copying occurs when an identical copy is made, whereas non-literal copying occurs when the structure, appearance or manner of the code has been copied (Pila, 2010: 229). In the case of literal copying, it will generally be easier to establish a claim of copyright since it will merely have to be shown that a substantial part of the code has been copied, which will be based upon the skill, labour and judgment that has been expended; Cantor Fitzgerald International and Another v Tradition (UK) Limited and Other [2000] RPC 95. In the event that there has been a non-literal copying of the works, it will be a lot more complex to establish. This is because it is often the case that two completely dif ferent programs will produce the same results. Therefore, although it might appear on the face of it that the program has been copied; this may not actually be the case. In Thrustcode Ltd v WW Computing Ltd [1983] FSR 502 it was noted by the Court that; the results produced by operating the program must not be confused with the program in which copyright in claimed. Another consideration FTS will need to think about is if the codes were originally created by a third party. This is because if a third party has been commissioned to create the copyrighted work, ownership of that work will remain vested in the third party unless there has been an express agreement to the contrary (Lyons, 2005: 3). If no such agreement has been made, the court may imply an assignment or licence so that FTS can use the software, although the scope of an assignment or licence will depend entirely upon the facts of the case. In Robin Ray v Classic FM Plc [1998] FSR 622 it was held by the Court that both parties had accepted the law in relation to the implication of terms as to ownership and the licensing of copyright. Arguably, it is evident that whilst FTS may have a claim against Bill for copyright infringement, it will be very difficult to prove because of the complex nature of software copyright. Conclusion Overall, given the long process that is involved with software development, it is likely that FTSs legal advisers will have to overcome a number of obstacles before they can establish a claim in copyright. Consequently, they will first need to establish that they are the author of the products code and that it was an original creation. Once this has been ascertained they will then need to show that their product has actually been infringed by Bill, which may prove extremely difficult given the complexity of software programs. References Campbell, D. and Cotter, S. (1998) Copyright Infringement, Kluwer Law International. Lyons, T. (2005) Warning All Software Users, Electronic Business Law, Volume 7, Issue 9. Morton, T. (2013) Emerging Technologies and Continuity, Tolleys Practical Audit Accounting, Volume 24, Issue 12. Pila, J. (2010) Copyright and Its Categories of Original Works, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Volume 30, Issue 2. Reed, C. and Angel, J. (2003) Computer Law, 5th Edition, OUP Oxford. Case Law BezpeÄ nostnà ­ softwarov asociace – Svaz softwarovà © ochrany v Ministerstvo kultury, Case C-393/09, 22 December 2010 Cantor Fitzgerald International and Another v Tradition (UK) Limited and Other [2000] RPC 95 Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening [2009] EUECJ C-5/08 (16 July 2009) (1) Laurence John Wrenn (2) Integrated Multi-Media Solutions v Stephen Landamore [2007] EWHC 1833 (Ch) Navitaire Inc v Easyjet Airline Co Anor [2004] EWHC 1725 (Ch) Robin Ray v Classic FM Plc [1998] FSR 622 SAS Institute v World Programming Ltd [2010] EWHC 1829 (Ch) Thrustcode Ltd v WW Computing Ltd [1983] FSR 502